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PSYCHE AND SOMA IN CHIROLOGY PERSONALITY CHANGES IN ANALYSIS
AS REFLECTED IN THE HAND Published: Spring 1974. Spring Publications Ever since antiquity the hand has had magnetic force
and mysterious meaning. Prints of hands have been found in the Sahara desert
caves; in ancient India the many-hands of Shiva had special markings; the
Buddha’s different hand positions, the 34 mudras, have each a definite
meaning and message. Mudras point to the language of the hands. Without
knowing a verbal language, hand movements and gestures serve as means of
communication. We talk with our hands and our hands speak for us in more ways
than one. In Egypt during the reign of Amenophis IV (1375-1358
B.C.) Atum, the one God, was depicted as a sun disc with rays terminating in
hands. The rays signify the life-giving power of the God. The hands at their
ends imply a connection between the hand as acting organ and God’s actions:
as God has the creative power of deeds, man’s hand is his creative
instrument. This connection through the hand between man and the divine may
give man’s hands their magical power. In Exodus 17;11: “and it came to pas, when Moses held up
his hand that Israel prevailed; and when he let down his hand Amalek
prevailed”. Likewise, the blessing power of priests passes through the hands.
For the American Indians the hand is the symbol of the great Spirit. When
painted red it protects against evil spirits. So also in the Orient,
“Chamsa”, meaning five, is a hand painted on doors or worn as a talisman
against the evil spirit. Not only the hand itself has meaning, but also each
finger – especially the thumb. Only man has a thumb (the chimpanzee having an
atrophied thumb), and it is through the thumb that we can grasp, shape and
write. So it has been said that the thumb embodies the capacity for conscious
comprehension, distinguishing man from beast. In Rome the upward thrust of
the thumb decreed life, whereas the downward turn condemned one to death. In
Christianity the benediction is performed by extending the thumb, first and
second finger, while the third and fourth are held closed, signifying: the
thumb – the father; index finger – the Holy Spirit, middle finger – Jesus;
third and fourth fingers represent jesus’s double nature – divine and human.
Also in Islam we find the five fingers portraying the holy family. The idea that human fate lies in he hand is already
presented in the Bible, in Samuel I
28; 21: “and I have put my life in my hand” or in 26, 18: “For what have I
done, or what evil is in mine hand”; Proverbs 3; 16: “length of days is in
her right hand; and in her left hand reaches the honor”, and Job 37, 7: “He
sealeth us the hand of every man; that all men may know his work”.* *Citations from the
Holy Bible, King James Version, American Bible Society, New York. If
God’s power lies in his hands, the man’s hand is God’s power. In the Zohar it
is said that “man’s hands are divine forms and secrets that God arranged in
the fingers on the outside and inside and in the Palm” (Bakal). The ten
fingers are the ten Sephirot of the Kabalistic tree: the five of the right
hand are the masculine Sephirot, the five of the left are the feminine
Sephirot, the palms being the ground on which the Sephirot rest. Put
differently, the ten fingers signify the archetypal world, whereas the palms
are the ground or reality where the archetypes manifest themselves. Some Remarks
on Chirology
In his
introduction to Spier's book, The Hands of Children, Jung recognised a new field for research and a new method
for character assessment. He wrote: “In the twentieth century, after two
hundreds years of intensive science progress, we can risk resurrecting these
almost forgotten Arts (i.e. Chirology)… and we risk testing them in the light
of modern knowledge for possible truths”. Moreover, “Hands, whose shape and
functioning are so intimately connected with the psyche, might provide
revealing and… interpretable expressions of psychical peculiarity, i.e., of
the human character”. Thus, thirty years ago Jung had already acknowledged
Chirology as a possible psychological tool for personality assessment. In the
early developmental stages of the infant we can discern that together with
his mouth, the hand is in motion, closing and opening (Cameron, 1963, p. 29).
With the motoric development of movement and muscle contraction, the
development of the central nervous system and the development of the “ego” in
its various tasks, the hand is the active organ in tactile and prehensile
functioning. There seems to be a connection between ego development and the
use of the hand, just as between hand manipulation and the infant’s
construction of reality (Cameron, 1963, p. 48-50). One says in German that a
child who can grip (greifen) can later understand (be-greifen). It was found
that the expression, the tonus, and the formation of the hand and its lines
show the mental state of the personality. A study of drawings of the human
hand by normal children and by chronic schizophrenics (Felix, 1963) points to
the importance of the hand image in mental health. The connection between
emotion and hand appears even etymologically: “ The root of the word
“feeling” is fol… cognate of fol-m… palm of the hand” (Hillman, 1971, p. 85). Chirology
is based on the assumption that the structure of the hand and the
interrelations and correspondences of its components – palm, finger, lines,
mounts, etc. – are basically connected with psychic structure and also with
the nervous system. ( I am indebted here to Dr. P. Soliman, Haifa, for
pointing to the fact that out of the ectoderm of the blastula in the embryo
both derma (skin) and the central and autonomous nervous system are formed,
which may perhaps throw light upon a common denominator. Of all skin areas
face and hands are subject to the greatest exchange between inner and outer
stimuli.) The Chirological Test The Chirological test used in this
study is based on the theories of Spier (1944), Debrunner (1964), and Wolf
(1942, 1952), all of whom are closely founded upon Carus (1848, 1853). Carus’s basic idea of the
interrelatedness of soma and psyche where “each form in the organism is
derived from infinite repetitions of the first fertilized ovum” and “every
cell has within itself a life of its own”, shows an organism which is a
dynamic field of relationships between cells that form, decay and newly form,
subordinated to a higher unity, thee organism as a whole (Psyche, p. 18). The development of the
embryo through stages already bears in its formation the determinants of the
individual’s soma-psyche relations with the world. In his words “the entirely
unconscious functions responsible for the growth and form of the organism as
an embryo are connected to the consciousness in that they create organs which
later receive, retain and modify images” (ibid., p.6). He postulates that
“the nervous system is purely of the soul”
(ibid., p 35), and the organs most related to the nervous system are
the organs of sense and movement. These are the foundations on which
Chirology rests and on which Carus elaborated his two-type theory of the
function of the hands: the asthelnic
cerebral, which is predominantly tactile and includes feelings and
sensitivity; the athletic motoric,
which is prehensile and includes movements and grasping. So we have the tactile, which sub-divides into the
sensitive and the psychic hands, and the prensile,
which sub-divides into the elementary and the motoric hands (Gettings, p.33). An interesting parallel to these two
basic types and subtypes is found in the old Chinese theory of hands (ibid.,
p.33). The elementary type is called the “hand of the earth”, relating
somewhat to Saturnian qualities in man. The motoric hand is called the “hand
of wood”, relating to Jupiterian characteristics; the sensitive hand – “the
hand of water” with Mercurian characteristics; and the psychic hand – “the
hand of metal” with Venusian qualities (ibid., p.35). Wolff elaborated Carus’s theories by
subdividing the prehensile into four subtypes and the tactile into long and
short hands and all hands into wide and narrow hands. According to Spier,
there are five or six basic forms of hands, no one of which is reality exists
purely as such. Usually one finds combinations and variations of the basic
forms. The six basic forms are: The conic
hand – it is more or less cone-shaped, wider in the lower part and narrower
towards the tips of the fingers. This shape refers to the triangle with its
aspiration towards a higher synthesis of the oppositions within the form.
This is the receptive and impressionable hand, the hand most influenced by
outer and inner happenings; it is the hand of extremes, of sensitivity. The square
hand is quite the opposite. This is the hand of boundaries, of stability, of
concreteness. It is by no means a coincidence that the same characteristics are
applied to a “square” person. The third form is the Spatulate one, which is very narrow at
the base of the hand spreading out like a spatula. One finds also its
opposite, the spatula inverted, i.e., very wide at the base, narrower towards
the fingers. These hands signify the person who needs acknowledgement for his
deeds. We all do, but for this person it is vital. Like the spatula that
raises a handful of matter out of the mass of materia, so the person of this form distinguishes himself
in his materia, be it either of
an intellectual nature or a technical one; or such a person can simply be a
peasant who distinguishes himself in his work or life. It is a creative hand
par excellence. The primitive
hand is the fourth form. This is a heavy, crude looking hand. It is earthly and undeveloped. The philosophical
hand, the fifth form, can best be illustrated by the famous painting by Durer
of hands in the praying position. This hand has something of the conic and
even the spatulate, forming a kind of an oval. The chirologist Ursula von
Mangold (p. 57) has beautifully likened it to an egg that contains all
possibilities; it is the moment before bursting into new life. This hand has
also long fingers and the whole expression is one of search based on firm
foundation. The last form is the dysplastic hand.
It is an irregular hand without specific form; one cannot definite it as a
type. The fingers are of different shapes. These hands belong to the person
of diverse influences or inner forces pulling in too many directions, and
only if there are other components in the inner hand which can somewhat
stabilize this type can it come to any fruitful results. Besides the form of the whole hand,
every part of the hand has an importance in a chirological assessment. First,
the palm. On its outer side its shape and strength is evaluated. On its inner
part – the elevations in the thenar-radial, ulnar, proximal, and distal parts
of the inner palm (the mounts), are assessed as well as the lines, their
quantity, quality, place, and form. With regard to the lines – there are
three or four main lines, a number of auxiliary lines, and many sub-lines.
The three main lines are formed already in the embryo (on the 55th
day, 65th day, and around the 80th day), the fourth is
also formed in the pre-natal stage, but this 4th line can develop
up to the age of 21, and even later. The main lines are: 1.
The thenar line, called the life
line, which surrounds the thumb and the thenar elevation. It does
not pretain to length of life but
mainly to the vitality of the personality. 2.
The second traverse line,
called the head line, starts usually in the proximity with the thenar line
under the first finger and ends towards the ulnar side of the hand. This line
pertains to intellectual ability, the kind of thinking (scientific,
practical, superficial, or deep, etc.). It also indicates disturbances in the
nervous system and organic diseases of the brain. 3.
The first or upper traverse line, called the heart line, which starts under the fourth
finger going towards the radial part of the hand, pertains to the emotional
sphere of the personality. It shows nervous illnesses of the heart or
disturbances in the system of internal secretions. 4.
The line of adaptation, called the fate line, is usually positioned
in the middle between the thenar and ulnar part of the hand, starting at the
base of the hand, going upwards. However, it can start anywhere along the
middle part of the palm, the stabilizing area, or spring from the lower ulnar
part. It indicates “the balance between the inner personality and the outside
world. It shows the attitudes and reactions of a person to experiences,
impressions and events; it is also the line of the ‘persona’ and of
adaptations to the influences of the environment” (Spier, p.74). Spier emphasized the relation between
the fingers and the palm as this signifies especially the harmony or
disharmony between the world of finitude or matter, practically and
adjustability, and the world of the spirit, of idea, intellect and
imagination. The palm is a fixed finite form bound on all sides – this is the
world of actuality. The fingers are rooted and grow, so to say, from this
realm into space and into the infinite, open to receive and absorb from the
infinite, thus fructifying themselves and bringing forth the fruit of new
integration. As mentioned before, the fingers and the palm in its outer form
can be regarded as the archetypal layout of the personality; whereas, the
mounts and lines are their manifestations and activity within the
personality. Out of his vast experience Spier
realized that the left hand in a right-handed person shows the dynamics of
the personality; whereas, the right hand shows more the characteristics of the parental figures. In a left-handed
person the opposite is the case. The hand is further divided into two
vertical parts; the radial, including the thumb, index finger and one side of
the middle finger, pertains to the conscious side of the personality and the
attitude towards the outside world; the ulnar, including the ring finger and the little finger, pertains
more to the unconscious side and interpersonal relationships. One can easily
move radial part, which is connected with will and ability of execution, but
the ulnar part is less flexible and independent. The middle zone and middle
finger is the stabilizing factor (Saturn) between the conscious and
unconscious, or between the attitude towards the outside world and the inner
world. Debrunner takes both hands as
compensatory and complementing each other. His emphasis is more on the “M”
which the three main lines form in the inner palm of the hand – the thenar (life) line, the lower
traverse (head), and the upper traverse (heart) line. Also important are the directions
of the other lines in the palm. Special attention is given by him to the
dermatoglyphics, their patterns on the palm and fingers. The dermatoglyphics,
often called: ”finger-prints”, never change. The ulnar zone is divided by him
into two parts. The lower part is subdivided into three layers. The lowest
pertains to the collective unconscious; the middle, to the personal
unconscious influence on the person. The higher part of the ulnar side
pertains to relationships of the person with others. Every detail in the hand has a
meaning, but no detail can stand by itself. It is more like a symbol; i.e.,
it can have several meanings at the same time, depending on the other
components present. Interpretation depends on the interaction and
interrelatedness of each of the details with the whole and its other parts. A
rough example: The meaning and interpretation of a certain form for direction
of a line will be different in a conic hand than in a square hand; it will
also be different in a conic hand with short fingers than in a conic hand
with long fingers. The hand is dynamic and changing.
Lines are formed and extinguished, main lines change their course, their
thickness, their ending and expression. Changes can occur within a very short
time. However, the basic formation of the hand and fingers as well as the
dermatoglyphics do not change. The chirological test, therefore,
presents the wide spectrum of a personality.
It is the mirror of the soul. It reveals the psyche’s structure, its
dynamics, capabilities, and limitations, its talents, and its possibilities
for change. Two Examples Let us look at two analysands,
observing the changes that occurred in the lines of the hands through
analysis. Changes do of course occur also without analysis. However, the
differences as shown in hands of people in analysis refer more to processes
rather than to psychic states. One can see in the hands of analysands where
certain problems have been worked through; whereas in the hands of those not
in analysis, one sees that basic problems usually remains untouched even
through changes in those psychic states, for better or worse, are apparent.
Also mention must be made of those cases in psychotherapy where no changes
occur, either in the analysis or in the hand. The data
of the analytical assessment and
treatment were provided by Dr. Gustav Dreifuss (Haifa). A chirological test
preceded the beginning of each analysis and
a second chirological test was taken after a period of analysis.
Changes indicated in the analysis were confirmed by the changes in the lines
of the hands of the analysands. I. Patient L. is a woman in her sixties. She is now
pensioned after a successful career. She is gifted, intelligent and artistic.
She suffered from the fact that she had never married and has had no
children, but she was satisfied in having had a creative life and many
friendships. Because of difficulties in the relationship with her man friend,
she was depressed and came for a psychotherapeutic consultation. This first
interview circumambulated the problem of her continuous disappointments in
relationships. Her disappointment in the partner made her irritable,
demanding and destructive. Some further talks on the subject were suggested,
but since her immediate concrete problem at that time had solved itself, she
came back for a second session only after 9 months. Now, she felt, it might
be useful to find out more about her difficulties, especially in
relationships, as again she experienced unrest and dependency which irritated
her. The analyst felt that now analysis was really indicated, especially in
view of a first dream which she had dreamt approximately a month before she
came for the second time. “ I had long open hair like little girls wear it
today. A man (my father or my friend) combs my hair with a fine comb and
finds lice in my hair”. This dream
seemed to be an indication for analysis: her animus was active in cleaning
her hair, her mental products from dirt, from the lice. But, because of her
age and her physical weakness there were doubts whether analysis could be
risked. She was therefore sent for a chirological test, with the specific
question whether the analyst’s impression that the patient could undertake
analysis could be confirmed. The chirological test before beginning
analysis: A refined woman, sensitive and intuitive, and also
practical and somewhat earthly. Despite this being a good combination, it is
still a source of stress and inner disharmony. A person of extremes: a
familial and collective need to be accepted by society and yet bohemian trend
making independence just as important. She has strong religious,
philosophical, and parapsychological inclinations, which clash with a rigid
aggressive and unrealistic opinions and attitudes. She is receptive, easily
impressed, alert, and quickly stimulated. At the same time she has deep
fears, and at times her intuitions, sensations, and emotions are so intense
that she fears losing herself in them. She hesitates before deciding, and
will not be able to get over things easily. However, she can also be very
spontaneous. It seems that she lives on two levels which causes inner stress
and fears. Owing to rationalizations, she neglects the call from within. Her
vitality is uneven, periods of zest vary with periods of laxity. She is
intelligent and has a scientific mind, tolerance of thought and breadth of
thinking. She is ambivalent, very demanding and dependent, in search for a
loving father. Her need for love and attention bring her to states of
jealousy and frustration. Time and again she has disappointments, owing to
unrealistic expectations and demands, which depress her and bring her to
distrust her feelings. She feels very lonely, although she is capable of
forming good relations with other people. Her father image disturbs her
personal relationships. Her aggressions and frustrations, out of a deep sense
of inner dissatisfaction and feminine revolt, cause guilt and self-torture. Nevertheless,
she always falls on her feet, thanks to her practicality and earthiness. She
is artistically gifted and gives much feeling to her work. She has many interests which disperse her. She has
difficulty in perseverance and systematic work, although she is capable of
doing it. The parental image: the parents seem to be
very different personalities and she has ambivalent feelings towards them.
One parent was very dogmatic, religiously rigid, decisive, closed, ascetic,
pedantic, strong yet quite sensitive, had an ability to express himself in
talk. When asked which parent, she confirmed that this described her father. Her mother,
then, appeared in the hand as hyper-sensitive (which affected her thinking),
spontaneous, charming, many interests, intuitive, a musical, a cyclic
personality tending at a later age to depression. There is in the patient a
fear of resembling her mother. The patients suffered of the opposites of her
parental images, causing an inner split between the spiritual (father) world
and the practical (mother) world, losing herself in both of them
alternatively. Conclusion: an hysterical personality
with many inner opposites and fears. Conversions reactions to body image and
bodily health. She has a good integrative ability and therefore analysis is
recommended. Changes in the personality from the
analyst’s evaluation: After a year of intensive analytical work, the changes in
the personality that has occurred could be summarized from an analytical
point of view as follows: Her fear of
exchanging dependency upon the friend for dependency upon the analyst was
confirmed, as could be expected. But in this transference situation she
gained considerable insight into the working of the psyche. Very soon,
archetypal material appeared in the dreams and in the pictures that she
painted. The relationship to the parental images were clarified as well as
her connections to the family, to feminine and to masculine friends. She
could understand better the ambivalence of dependency and revolt, with the
underlying fear of being left alone. Her traditional religious background was
a help in her understanding of the religious function of the psyche, but, at
the same time, was a source of conflict between her collective and individual
perspectives. In the analysis the cleavage between nature and spirit was gradually mollified. Her ability to let
things happen and be patient, has developed, as well as her capacity to love
and sacrifice infantile dependency needs. Needless to say, age and
death-problems are contents of the analytical work. Second chirological test: In the second chirological test, done at the same time as,
but independent of, the analyst’s report, the following changes were marked:
Less hysterical and chaotic state, less agitation and nervousness. There is
more centeredness. The fears are still there but less menacing. Fewer
ambivalent feelings. Her anxieties regarding health and body image are now
more focused on herself and less projected on others in her relationships.
There is more responsibility with fewer guilt feelings. Her interests are
more centralized, less dispersed. There is, in general, expression of more
contentment, more ability to work and produce, to bring out material from the
imaginative regions of the psyche which builds the personality. There is less
compulsion, more unfolding, i.e., inner discipline. She is less sensitive to
the opinions of others. The ambitious to succeed and attain her goals is
there, but bot in a neurotic way. The unconscious is less chaotic; it is rich
and active in an expressive and artistic way. More spiritually. She is less
in conflict between the two worlds she is living in. today she tends more to
become sad than aggressive and sharp-tongued. She is less dependent on a
male-partner. There is more personal expression and inner independence. II. (this example will not be discussed extensively, but
mainly with emphasis on the concurrent change in personality and in the hands
in order to elucidate further my point.) patient A. is a woman of 25.
According to the analyst she suffered from depressive states, lack of
contact, feelings of alienation, isolation, and uncertainty with regard to
her femininity. She had negative feelings toward her parents and toward
parental figures. The
chirological test confirmed his findings. She thoroughly repressed her authentic
personality and denied her sensitivity. She was blocked in her feelings,
thinking, and relationships. The hand showed very few lines, although this
type of hand usually tends to have more lines. After 4.5 years of analysis a remarkable change of feminine
identity took place, showing itself in improved relationships to parents and
especially to men. She married 1.5 years after the second chirological test
was taken and the analysis was terminated. She also satisfactorily entered
into a new profession. Analytically the accent was upon developing into the
world, as compare with patient L where the accent was on inner life and
creativity. The second
chirological test, which was taken after 4.5 years, confirmed the changes.
The whole palm is more expressive, there are more marked lines especially the
line of development and relationships, which are the diagonal lines from the
middle of the palm to under the 4th finger. Also there are more
marked lines in the middle zone of the hand, lines of experiences, which in
her case show more ability to experience inner and outer happenings without
closing herself off from them. However, the entire zone of the unconscious
(the ulnar part of the palm) is still without enough lines in connection with
other lines. This points to the fact that she has worked more on the personal unconscious and problems of
reality and relationships, but not yet enough on the deeper layers of her
personality. Case Discussion from the Chirological Viewpoint Both women
have more or less the same form of hand, a conic one with rather long fingers
and delicate narrow looking palm. In patient L. the palm is wider than in
patient A. The conic hand, as mentioned before, is the receptive and
impressionable hand. Usually this hand form has many lines and is expressive. In patient
L. the hand is much too lined, even meshed-like, and through analysis some
lines were extinguished and others become more ordered. The lower ulnar zone
of the hand, which portrays the unconscious, was in the first test meshed
with lines. This showed the chaotic state in which she then was, where the
contents of the unconscious
threatened to overflood her. In the second test the lines were no longer
meshed. There were many more ordered lines, showing a flow from the unconscious
to the conscious zone which is enriching and productive for the personality.
The conflicts between the two modes of living showed themselves in the first
test in various parts of the hand. However, only two of them will be
mentioned here. There were multiple vertical lines under the fingers in the
first test, but these were hardly visible because of many interesting lines,
especially under the first finger. In the second test the vertical lines were
accentuates and less disturbed, emphasizing spiritual interests and a
lessened sensitivity to her status in the world. Her ability to form and
further relationships without demanding too much showed in test 2 in the
upper ulnar zone with fewer intersecting lines. It also showed in the same
test in the first traverse line (heart line), emphasizing more focused
feeling with fewer demanding projections. This line in the first test had an
upward sharp turn toward the end of
the second finger. In test 2 the accentuation was more on the continuation of
this line towards the first finger, losing its sharp upturn. The stabilizing
zone, the middle part of the palm, in test 1 was filled with fan-like lines.
In test 2 this same zone had fewer lines and looked quieter, i.e., the
stabilizing factor was at work with fewer conflicts. In patient
A. the situation was the reverse. Whereas this type of hand, as mentioned
earlier, usually has more lines to begin with, at the beginning of the
analysis there were far too few lines. The two women, although belonging to
the same general type of personality
(receptive, impressionable, with artistic inclinations and tending to extremes), use different defense
mechanisms. We cannot here go into this interesting problem of the etiology
of the dynamics of the personality, as it is a subject in itself; however, in
this case it may be that the wider palm in patient L. contributes to this
difference in defenses. Whereas the first uses conversion, acting out and in,
and rationalization, the second uses denial, repression, closing off and has paranoid
tendencies. This shows itself in the hand in test 1 of patient A. There we see a general absence
of sub-lines especially in the upper
zone of the palm, the distal part, under the fingers, mainly under the 4th
finger. Through analysis the hand become more expressive and lively and more
lines emerged, especially under the 4th finger, the zone of
relationships, and under the 3rd finger showing more interests and
openness to intuition. Also here the stabilizing zone in the second test is
more accentuated. Another
point of importance is that patient L. is an artistically gifted person,
having at her disposal tools for inner expression; whereas patient A. is less
fortunate in this respect, although she has an artistic understanding. The
age difference is in this case, not a decisive factor, but their difference
in coping with their life problems is
basic. I have not
discussed these cases extensively and in detail, but mainly with emphasis on the overall changes
visible in the hand prints. The changes that I have described can be clearly
observed, even by non-chirologists. To go into more detail here I believe
would not add much to the basic intention of this paper: to show the value of
chirological test in conjunction with therapeutic analysis, both as a
diagnostic tool and as an aid for evaluating change. The changes in the hands
are reflections of inner processes. This fact contributes to the strong link
between soma and psyche. M. Bakal, ed (n.d.) The Book of the Wisdom of the Hand: Taken from
the zohar, (jerusalem). N. Cameron (1963) Personality
Development and Psychopathology, (Boston:
Houghton Mifflin). C. G. Carus (1848) Uber Grund und Bedeutung der verschiedenen Formen
der Hand, in verschiedenen Personen (Stuttgart),
(as cited in Wolf). C. G. Carus (1853) Die Symbolik der menschlichen Gestalt: Ein Handbuch
zur Menschenkenntnis, (Leipzig). C. G. Carus (1846) Psyche:
Part 1. On the Development of the Soul (Zurich
and New York: Spring Publications, 1971). H. Debrunner (1964) Oral communication. H. Debrunner (1955) “Zur Morphologie der menschlichen Daumenfurche”,
Z. Menschl. Vererb. U. Konstitutionslebre,
33, pp. 131-150. R. Felix (1963) Annals of Psychiatry and related desciplines, Vol.
1; Israel. F. Gettings (1965) The Book of the Hand (London: Paul Hamlyn). J. Hillman (1971) “The Feeling Function”, in jung’s Typology (Zurich
and New York: Spring Publications). U. v. Mangold (1961) Zeichen des Schicksals im Bild der Hand (Olten und
Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter-Verlag). W. Sorell (1968) The Story of the Human Hand (London: Lowe &
Brydone). J. Spier (1944) The Hand of Children, An Introduction to Psychochirology
(London: Kegan Paul). C. Wolff (1942) The Human Hand (London: Methuen). C. Wolff (1952) The Human Hand in Psychological Diagnosis (New
York: Philosophical Library). |
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